[DeTomaso] Sodium valves
j g
notstock at yahoo.com
Thu Feb 19 14:04:39 EST 2015
I have never seen a safety issue in their use by properly educated machinists , engine builders , or home mechanics .I have seen 911 valves broken and yes the sodium metal inside is active but knowing that the engine has sodium valves is the first line in not doing something stupid. I have not seen any Corvair turbo engine with an exhaust valve actually fully broken off at the stem weld. I have seen dropped seats and the valves beat to shit but the exhaust valves always seemed to be just be bent to hell , have seen lots of intake stems separated from the valve tulip , and lots of normal steel and stainless valves in the exhaust side with the valve separated from the stem , in fiends cars , but never have seen a sodium filled in a GM application be completely separated , Maybe i have been lucky and shut down before the whole basket went bang, or because my experience has been with aluminum heads the valve tends to embed itself in the head and damage the piston ,The times i have had any valve issues were due to an overrev event that floated the valves , this usually results in a bent but not fully dropped valve . Only have had retainer failures once in any engine i have built that have resulted in a dopped valve. jg
From: Ken Green via DeTomaso <detomaso at poca.com>
To: "spkorb at gmail.com" <spkorb at gmail.com>; j g <notstock at yahoo.com>
Cc: B. SEIB <oldwheel at shaw.ca>; "', DetomasoList'," <detomaso at poca.com>
Sent: Thursday, February 19, 2015 12:04 PM
Subject: Re: [DeTomaso] Sodium valves
There are some safety issues (I assume not commonly encountered or GM
would not use them):
Inline image
__________________________________________________________________
From: Sean Korb <spkorb at gmail.com>
To: j g <notstock at yahoo.com>
Cc: B. SEIB <oldwheel at shaw.ca>; "',DetomasoList',"
<detomaso at poca.com>; "',Ken Green'," <kenn_green at yahoo.com>
Sent: Thursday, February 19, 2015 8:29 AM
Subject: Re: [DeTomaso] Sodium valves
I'm fascinated by sodium cooled valves, but I think titanium is a more
popular option in this crowd. There were some made available for
racing and while they do not have a cooling technology they do endure
more heat than a stainless valve. They come up on ebay or a swap meet
occasionally.
I just have a street engine so I'm not concerned... just fascinated.
sean
On Thu, Feb 19, 2015 at 10:01 AM, j g via DeTomaso
<[1]detomaso at poca.com> wrote:
I take no credit for the content below just passing along
published
public domain material.
LSJ[[1]edit]
Ecotec LSJ engine in a 2006 [2]Saturn Ion Red Line
The LSJ is a supercharged version of the LK9 Ecotec 2.0 La 1,998
cc
(121.9 cu in)a with an [3]Eaton M62 [4]Roots-type supercharger
and
air-to-liquid [5]intercooler. The LSJ shares many of its
components
with the LK9 such as: piston cooling jets, oil cooler, pistons,
connecting rods, crankshaft, oil pan, sodium-filled exhaust
valves and
cylinder head.^[6][8] It is rated at 205 hp
2.0 LNF[[7]edit]
Ecotec LNF in a [8]Pontiac Solstice
A turbocharged [9]direct injected (redubbed Spark Ignition Direct
Injection) Ecotec was introduced in the 2007 [10]Pontiac Solstice
GXP
and [11]Saturn Sky Red Line. In these applications, the engine is
mounted longitudinally. Displacement is 2.0 La1,998 cc (121.9 cu
in)awith a square 86 millimetres (3.4 in) bore and stroke.
Compression
is 9.2:1 and maximum boost is 1.4 bar (20.0 psi), delivering 260
hp
(190 kW) at 5300 rpm and 260 lbA.ft (350 NA.m) of torque from
2500 to
5250 rpm. Engine redline is at 6300 rpm and premium fuel is
recommended. The sodium filled exhaust valves were based on
technology
developed for the Corvette V8 powertrains. The sodium fuses and
becomes
a liquid at idle, which improves conductivity and draws heat away
from
the valve face and valve guide towards the stem to be cooled by
the
engine oil circulating in this area.[12]sodium-filled stainless
steel
[13]Inconel exhaust [14]valves
LDK[[15]edit]
An updated variant of the LNF (also with 9.2:1 compression
ratio). This
engine is also known as A20NFT and A20NHT by GM Powertrain
Europe.
This engine is used in: all have [16]sodium-filled stainless
steel
[17]Inconel exhaust [18]valves
Year(s) Model Power Torque
2009 [19]Opel Insignia 162 [20]kW (220 [21]PS; 217 [22]hp) @ 5300
rpm
350 NA.m (258 lbA.ft) @ 2500 rpm
2009a2010 [23]Buick Regal Turbo 162 [24]kW (220 [25]PS; 217
[26]hp) @
5300 rpm 350 NA.m (258 lbA.ft) @ 2500 rpm
2010a2013 [27]Buick Regal GS (Chinese Market) 162 [28]kW (220
[29]PS;
217 [30]hp) @ 5300 rpm 350 NA.m (258 lbA.ft) @ 2500 rpm
2009a2010 [31]Buick Regal Turbo (Hirsch Performance) 192 [32]kW
(261
[33]PS; 257 [34]hp) @ 5400 rpm 400 NA.m (295 lbA.ft) @ 3000a4000
rpm
2010a2013 [35]Buick Regal GS (Hirsch Performance) 192 kW (261 PS;
257
hp) @ 5400 rpm 400 NA.m (300 lbA.ft) @ 3000a4000 rpm
2010a2012 [36]Saab 9-5 162 kW (220 PS; 217 hp) @ 5300 rpm 350
NA.m (258
lbA.ft) @ 2500 rpm
2011, 2013a [37]Saab 9-3 ([38]NEVS) 162 kW (220 PS; 217 hp) @
5300 rpm
350 NA.m (258 lbA.ft) @ 2500 rpm
2011 [39]Opel Insignia 4x4 184 kW (250 PS; 247 hp) @ 5300 rpm 400
NA.m
(300 lbA.ft) @ 2400a3600 rpm
2012 [40]Opel Astra J OPC 206 kW (280 PS; 276 hp) @ 5500 rpm 400
NA.m
(300 lbA.ft) @ 2500a4500 rpm
2014a [41]Buick Regal GS (Chinese Market) 187 kW (254 PS; 251 hp)
@
5300 rpm 350 NA.m (260 lbA.ft) @ 2000a5000 rpm
2014a [42]Buick Regal GS (Hirsch Performance) 205 kW (279 PS; 275
hp) @
5400 rpm 410 NA.m (300 lbA.ft) @ 3000a4000 rpm
2.0[[43]edit]
LTG[[44]edit]
A 2.0 L (1998 cc) [45]turbocharged direct injection version of
the gen
III Ecotec will be available in 2013 [46]Cadillac ATS and
[47]Chevrolet
Malibu.This engine is also available in [48]Cadillac XTS in
Chinese
market. Bore and stroke are both 86.0 millimetres (3.39 in),
compression is 9.5:1. The engine uses [49]twin-scroll
turbocharger with
electronically controlled wastegate/bypass valve, air-to-air
intercooler, stainless steel dual-scroll (1a4, 2a3) exhaust
manifold
designed to withstand 980 ADEGC (1,800 ADEGF) turbine
temperature, and
[50]rotacast aluminum alloy (A356T6) cylinder head with
sodium-filled
exhaust valves
ford stuff
ford FE "The intake and exhaust valves are larger than those
found on
the 427 production engine". The exhaust valves feature a sodium
filled
hollow stem for better heat conduction
5.0-liter V-8: 435 hp, 400 lb-ft
Fordas Coyote V-8 carries over as well, although it receives more
substantial changes. Mustang engineers used the [51]low-volume
Boss
302as V-8, a [52]glorious-sounding 444-hp powerhouse, as its
performance bogey. Unfortunately, the Boss engine incorporated
some
expensive manufacturing tricks that Ford couldnat possibly use in
a
mass-produced engine, like hollow intake valves, sodium-filled
exhaust
valves, and CNC-ported heads, so it had to look elsewhere to
approach
Boss power levels.
The 1963 Indy pushrod engine produced 375 BHP at 7200 RPM from
255
cubic inches
Ford powered Lotus cars were prepared for Indy in 1963, to be
driven by
Dan Gurney and Jimmy Clark. The high performance 260 used in the
Cobra
was the starting point, dubbed the Stage 0 engine. Stage 1
involved
revised and enlarged intake and exhaust ports, and 12.5:1
compression
through the used of forged pop-up pistons. The special intake
manifold
carried four 46mm downdraft Webers carburetors. Larger valves,
hollow-stemmed intakes and sodium-filled exhausts were fitted to
the
heads, along with high silicon content aluminum alloy retainers.
[53][2]https://books.google.com/books?id=MaTmIcR2atAC&pg=PA74&lpg=PA
74&dq=
ford+engines+sodium+filled+exhaust+valves&source=bl&ots=RRBKRsUD5Z&s
ig=
gPx7pk_Kb-FH5ufMokP2IXgNQBw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6vjlVKj4JYqryQTJ14EI&ved=0
CDs
Q6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=ford%20engines%20sodium%20filled%20exhaust%20v
alv
es&f=false
__________________________________________________________________
From: B. SEIB <[3]oldwheel at shaw.ca>
To: 'j g' <[4]notstock at yahoo.com>
Sent: Wednesday, February 18, 2015 6:27 PM
Subject: RE: [DeTomaso] Sodium valves
I wonder if the Buick GN had sodium ex valves then too?
Do you know if any of Ford's turbo or supercharged engines use
sodium
filled valves jg?
Barry
__________________________________________________________________
From: j g [mailto:[5]notstock at yahoo.com]
Sent: February-18-15 5:25 PM
To: B. SEIB; 'Ken Green'; 'Charles De Francisco'; 'DetomasoList'
Subject: Re: [DeTomaso] Sodium valves
sodium filled exhaust valves were also used on the corvair turbo
charged engines from 62 on to the end of the 68
all 911 engines up to the 964 have sodium filled exhaust valves
.
lt-4 zo6 had sodium filled exhaust valves . all turbo and
supercharged
chevrolet engines have had sodium filled exhaust valves from the
factory. ls7 included
On the exhaust side, sodium-filling is the best way to increase
the
head cooling capacity of a hollow exhaust valve. If stock
diameter
steel valves are required, but a valve weight is not mandated,
going to
a hollow intake and sodium-filled exhaust is certainly a major
advantage. better cooling of the valve and the guide as well as
lighter
than other types except titanium .
Stainless steel (for street performance) has much better
durability
characteristics than titanium, and the street guys wonat usually
see
the real benefits of titanium. In racing, use titanium when you
want to
lose weighta|and spend a lot of money. sodium filled exhaust
valves
were an off shoot spin off from the aircraft engines way back .
jg
__________________________________________________________________
From: B. SEIB <[6]oldwheel at shaw.ca>
To: 'Ken Green' <[7]kenn_green at yahoo.com>; 'Charles De Francisco'
<[8]drfortinbras at gmail.com>; 'DetomasoList'
<[9]detomaso at poca.com>
Sent: Wednesday, February 18, 2015 4:12 PM
Subject: Re: [DeTomaso] Sodium valves
Yes, that sounds reasonable. I think it was for use in aircraft
engines
with some form of supercharging that they were originally
developed.
I
just didn't realize they were back in style!
Barry
__________________________________________________________________
From: Ken Green [mailto:[54][10]kenn_green at yahoo.com]
Sent: February-18-15 4:07 PM
To: B. SEIB; 'Charles De Francisco'; 'DetomasoList'
Subject: Re: [DeTomaso] Sodium valves
What I read said the stock LS7 has sodium filled exhaust
valves.
I would guess that a turbo charged production engine might have
them
to
handle the heat?
Ken
__________________________________________________________________
From: B. SEIB <[55][11]oldwheel at shaw.ca>
To: 'Charles De Francisco' <[56][12]drfortinbras at gmail.com>;
'Ken Green'
<[57][13]kenn_green at yahoo.com>; 'DetomasoList'
<[58][14]detomaso at poca.com>
Sent: Wednesday, February 18, 2015 2:00 PM
Subject: Re: [DeTomaso] Sodium valves
Thanks Charles
I wouldn't be surprised if sodium valves were used in Nascar
hemis
or
Boss 429 engines too. I just don't recall any production
engines
with
them, but I could be wrong.....
Ken Green says the LS7 uses them !
I'm surprised at that. I wonder if that's in the GM engine as
produced
or an aftermarket thing?
Ken, do you know?
Barry
__________________________________________________________________
From: Charles De Francisco
[mailto:[1][59][15]drfortinbras at gmail.com]
Sent: February-18-15 3:41 PM
To: B. SEIB
Subject: Re: [DeTomaso] Sodium valves
Hi Barry your info was almost rite on. Ford did offer the
sodium
valves on the 427 engines for thr Cobras used in their race
program
There was a issue with the nos valves as the sodium corroded
the
inside
causing them to come apart as they were drilled to make the
stem
hollow..the story I heard was the sodium was to provide
cooling of
the
valve stem in endurance racing...we used some
In drag race engines as they were somewhat lighter..a much
better
set
up would be manley stainless valves..?..Pete Coleman
At manley in Lakewood n.j. [16]732-905-3366 would be able to
help you
on
this issue.
On Wednesday, February 18, 2015, B. SEIB
<[1][2][60][17]oldwheel at shaw.ca>
wrote:
Hi Robert
Sodium valves were a feature in the 375HP version of
Corvette 327
engines
with fuel injection. I don't recall sodium valves being
used in
other US
standard production engines. Maybe some other exotic
engines did.
Later
valve steels and technology made the risks and expense of
sodium
filled
valves obsolete in HP engines. The idea originated in
aircraft
piston
engines back around WWII, I think, and was related to
trying to
cool
exhaust
valves under high stress loads.
The 1971 Cleveland 351-4V engines in Panteras (and
Mustangs,etc.)
had high
compression closed chamber (quench) heads, single point
distributors, small
square bore 600cfm 4300A carbs and 2 bolt mains. The Boss
351 was
the only
351C to get 4 bolt mains, dual point distributor and the
large
spreadbore
Motorcraft 4300D carb in 1971 along with high compression
CC
heads.
Some people have said that some 1971 4V engines found there
way
into
very
early 72 Panteras, but probably only in early January 72
cars.
The
1972
Cobra-jet engines would have entered production in Sept of
1971
and
by the
end of 1971, DeTomaso was likely to have used their engine
stock
on
hand and
have received new Cobra-jet engines from Ford. I understand
DeTomaso
was
generally receiving engines only about a month or so after
they
were
produced in the US plant.
1972 Panteras came with Cobra-jet engines that had open
chamber
(lower
compression) 4V heads but with 4 bolt mains, dual point
distributor
and
large spreadbore Motorcraft 4300D carb. This was the
strange
result
of Ford
trying to recover some of the power lost to stricter
emission
standards for
1972. The compression had to come down for unleaded gas and
Ford
upped the
RPM to try to get some oomph back. They retarded the cam
timing
and
hopped
it up a bit to get the power at higher revs, thus the dual
point
and
4 bolt
mains.
1973 and 74 went downhill from there, with increasing
emissions
and
lower
compression.
So...the best heads were in 1971, but everything else was
better
in
1972.
Unless you have a 1971 BOSS 351 engine, which never came in
a
production US
market Pantera. Pity that.
Barry
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3. [36]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_Corporation
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[40]http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GM_Ecotec_engine&actio
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8. [41]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_Solstice
9. [42]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline_direct_injection
10. [43]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_Solstice
11. [44]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Sky
12. [45]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium
13. [46]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inconel
14. [47]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppet_valve
15.
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16. [49]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium
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19. [52]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Insignia
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[83]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_casting_(industrial)
51.
[84]http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/2012-ford-mustang-boss-302-t
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[85]http://blog.caranddriver.com/name-that-exhaust-note-episode-103/
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[86]https://books.google.com/books?id=MaTmIcR2atAC&pg=PA74&lpg=PA74&
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31. http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
32. mailto:DeTomaso at poca.com
33. http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
34. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GM_Ecotec_engine&action=edit§ion=4
35. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Ion
36. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_Corporation
37. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots-type_supercharger
38. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercooler
39. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_Ecotec_engine#cite_note-8
40. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GM_Ecotec_engine&action=edit§ion=10
41. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_Solstice
42. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline_direct_injection
43. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_Solstice
44. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Sky
45. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium
46. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inconel
47. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppet_valve
48. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GM_Ecotec_engine&action=edit§ion=11
49. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium
50. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inconel
51. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppet_valve
52. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Insignia
53. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt
54. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_horsepower
55. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower
56. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Regal#Fifth_generation_.282009.E2.80.93present.29
57. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt
58. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_horsepower
59. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower
60. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Regal#.23Regal_GS
61. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt
62. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_horsepower
63. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower
64. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Regal#Fifth_generation_.282009.E2.80.93present.29
65. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt
66. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_horsepower
67. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower
68. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Regal#.23Regal_GS
69. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_9-5
70. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_9-3
71. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEVS
72. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Insignia
73. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Astra#OPC_2
74. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Regal#.23Regal_GS
75. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Regal#.23Regal_GS
76. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GM_Ecotec_engine&action=edit§ion=25
77. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GM_Ecotec_engine&action=edit§ion=26
78. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocharged
79. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_ATS
80. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Malibu
81. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_XTS
82. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin-scroll_turbocharger
83. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_casting_(industrial)
84. http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/2012-ford-mustang-boss-302-test-review
85. http://blog.caranddriver.com/name-that-exhaust-note-episode-103/
86. https://books.google.com/books?id=MaTmIcR2atAC&pg=PA74&lpg=PA74&dq=ford+engines+sodium+filled+exhaust+valves&source=bl&ots=RRBKRsUD5Z&sig=gPx7pk_Kb-FH5ufMokP2IXgNQBw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6vjlVKj4JYqryQTJ14EI&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=ford%20engines%20sodium%20filled%20exhaust%20valves&f=false
87. mailto:kenn_green at yahoo.com
88. mailto:oldwheel at shaw.ca
89. mailto:drfortinbras at gmail.com
90. mailto:kenn_green at yahoo.com
91. mailto:detomaso at poca.com
92. mailto:drfortinbras at gmail.com
93. mailto:oldwheel at shaw.ca
94. mailto:DeTomaso at poca.com
95. http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
96. mailto:oldwheel at shaw.ca
97. http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
98. mailto:DeTomaso at poca.com
99. http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
100. mailto:drfortinbras at gmail.com
101. mailto:oldwheel at shaw.ca
102. mailto:DeTomaso at poca.com
103. http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
104. mailto:oldwheel at shaw.ca
105. http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
106. mailto:DeTomaso at poca.com
107. http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
108. mailto:DeTomaso at poca.com
109. http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
110. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2006_Saturn_Ion_Red_Line_engine.jpg
111. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2006_Saturn_Ion_Red_Line_engine.jpg
112. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Car_show_013.jpg
113. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Car_show_013.jpg
114. mailto:DeTomaso at poca.com
115. http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
116. mailto:spkorb at spkorb.org
117. http://www.spkorb.org/
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I have never seen a safety issue in their use by properly educated
machinists , engine builders , or home mechanics .
I have seen 911 valves broken and yes the sodium metal inside is
active but knowing that the engine has sodium valves is the first
line in not doing something stupid.
I have not seen any Corvair turbo engine with an exhaust valve
actually fully broken off at the stem weld. I have seen dropped seats
and the valves beat to shit but the exhaust valves always seemed to be
just
be bent to hell , have seen lots of intake stems separated from the
valve tulip , and lots of normal steel and stainless valves in the
exhaust side with the valve separated from the stem , in fiends cars
, but never have seen a sodium filled
in a GM application be completely separated , Maybe i have been lucky
and shut down before the whole basket went bang, or because my
experience has been with aluminum heads the valve tends to embed itself
in the head and damage the piston ,
The times i have had any valve issues were due to an overrev event
that floated the valves , this usually results in a bent but not fully
dropped valve . Only have had retainer failures once in any engine i
have built that have resulted in a dopped valve.
jg
__________________________________________________________________
From: Ken Green via DeTomaso <detomaso at poca.com>
To: "spkorb at gmail.com" <spkorb at gmail.com>; j g <notstock at yahoo.com>
Cc: B. SEIB <oldwheel at shaw.ca>; "', DetomasoList',"
<detomaso at poca.com>
Sent: Thursday, February 19, 2015 12:04 PM
Subject: Re: [DeTomaso] Sodium valves
There are some safety issues (I assume not commonly encountered or GM
would not use them):
Inline image
__________________________________________________________________
From: Sean Korb <[1]spkorb at gmail.com>
To: j g <[2]notstock at yahoo.com>
Cc: B. SEIB <[3]oldwheel at shaw.ca>; "',DetomasoList',"
<[4]detomaso at poca.com>; "',Ken Green',"
<[5]kenn_green at yahoo.com>
Sent: Thursday, February 19, 2015 8:29 AM
Subject: Re: [DeTomaso] Sodium valves
I'm fascinated by sodium cooled valves, but I think titanium is a
more
popular option in this crowd. There were some made available for
racing and while they do not have a cooling technology they do endure
more heat than a stainless valve. They come up on ebay or a swap
meet
occasionally.
I just have a street engine so I'm not concerned... just fascinated.
sean
On Thu, Feb 19, 2015 at 10:01 AM, j g via DeTomaso
<[1][6]detomaso at poca.com> wrote:
I take no credit for the content below just passing along
published
public domain material.
LSJ[[1]edit]
Ecotec LSJ engine in a 2006 [2]Saturn Ion Red Line
The LSJ is a supercharged version of the LK9 Ecotec 2.0 La
1,998
cc
(121.9 cu in)a with an [3]Eaton M62 [4]Roots-type supercharger
and
air-to-liquid [5]intercooler. The LSJ shares many of its
components
with the LK9 such as: piston cooling jets, oil cooler, pistons,
connecting rods, crankshaft, oil pan, sodium-filled exhaust
valves and
cylinder head.^[6][8] It is rated at 205 hp
2.0 LNF[[7]edit]
Ecotec LNF in a [8]Pontiac Solstice
A turbocharged [9]direct injected (redubbed Spark Ignition
Direct
Injection) Ecotec was introduced in the 2007 [10]Pontiac
Solstice
GXP
and [11]Saturn Sky Red Line. In these applications, the engine
is
mounted longitudinally. Displacement is 2.0 La1,998 cc (121.9
cu
in)awith a square 86 millimetres (3.4 in) bore and stroke.
Compression
is 9.2:1 and maximum boost is 1.4 bar (20.0 psi), delivering
260
hp
(190 kW) at 5300 rpm and 260 lbA.ft (350 NA.m) of torque from
2500 to
5250 rpm. Engine redline is at 6300 rpm and premium fuel is
recommended. The sodium filled exhaust valves were based on
technology
developed for the Corvette V8 powertrains. The sodium fuses and
becomes
a liquid at idle, which improves conductivity and draws heat
away
from
the valve face and valve guide towards the stem to be cooled by
the
engine oil circulating in this area.[12]sodium-filled stainless
steel
[13]Inconel exhaust [14]valves
LDK[[15]edit]
An updated variant of the LNF (also with 9.2:1 compression
ratio). This
engine is also known as A20NFT and A20NHT by GM Powertrain
Europe.
This engine is used in: all have [16]sodium-filled stainless
steel
[17]Inconel exhaust [18]valves
Year(s) Model Power Torque
2009 [19]Opel Insignia 162 [20]kW (220 [21]PS; 217 [22]hp) @
5300
rpm
350 NA.m (258 lbA.ft) @ 2500 rpm
2009a2010 [23]Buick Regal Turbo 162 [24]kW (220 [25]PS; 217
[26]hp) @
5300 rpm 350 NA.m (258 lbA.ft) @ 2500 rpm
2010a2013 [27]Buick Regal GS (Chinese Market) 162 [28]kW (220
[29]PS;
217 [30]hp) @ 5300 rpm 350 NA.m (258 lbA.ft) @ 2500 rpm
2009a2010 [31]Buick Regal Turbo (Hirsch Performance) 192 [32]kW
(261
[33]PS; 257 [34]hp) @ 5400 rpm 400 NA.m (295 lbA.ft) @
3000a4000
rpm
2010a2013 [35]Buick Regal GS (Hirsch Performance) 192 kW (261
PS;
257
hp) @ 5400 rpm 400 NA.m (300 lbA.ft) @ 3000a4000 rpm
2010a2012 [36]Saab 9-5 162 kW (220 PS; 217 hp) @ 5300 rpm 350
NA.m (258
lbA.ft) @ 2500 rpm
2011, 2013a [37]Saab 9-3 ([38]NEVS) 162 kW (220 PS; 217 hp) @
5300 rpm
350 NA.m (258 lbA.ft) @ 2500 rpm
2011 [39]Opel Insignia 4x4 184 kW (250 PS; 247 hp) @ 5300 rpm
400
NA.m
(300 lbA.ft) @ 2400a3600 rpm
2012 [40]Opel Astra J OPC 206 kW (280 PS; 276 hp) @ 5500 rpm
400
NA.m
(300 lbA.ft) @ 2500a4500 rpm
2014a [41]Buick Regal GS (Chinese Market) 187 kW (254 PS; 251
hp)
@
5300 rpm 350 NA.m (260 lbA.ft) @ 2000a5000 rpm
2014a [42]Buick Regal GS (Hirsch Performance) 205 kW (279 PS;
275
hp) @
5400 rpm 410 NA.m (300 lbA.ft) @ 3000a4000 rpm
2.0[[43]edit]
LTG[[44]edit]
A 2.0 L (1998 cc) [45]turbocharged direct injection version of
the gen
III Ecotec will be available in 2013 [46]Cadillac ATS and
[47]Chevrolet
Malibu.This engine is also available in [48]Cadillac XTS in
Chinese
market. Bore and stroke are both 86.0 millimetres (3.39 in),
compression is 9.5:1. The engine uses [49]twin-scroll
turbocharger with
electronically controlled wastegate/bypass valve, air-to-air
intercooler, stainless steel dual-scroll (1a4, 2a3) exhaust
manifold
designed to withstand 980 ADEGC (1,800 ADEGF) turbine
temperature, and
[50]rotacast aluminum alloy (A356T6) cylinder head with
sodium-filled
exhaust valves
ford stuff
ford FE "The intake and exhaust valves are larger than those
found on
the 427 production engine". The exhaust valves feature a sodium
filled
hollow stem for better heat conduction
5.0-liter V-8: 435 hp, 400 lb-ft
Fordas Coyote V-8 carries over as well, although it receives
more
substantial changes. Mustang engineers used the [51]low-volume
Boss
302as V-8, a [52]glorious-sounding 444-hp powerhouse, as its
performance bogey. Unfortunately, the Boss engine incorporated
some
expensive manufacturing tricks that Ford couldnat possibly use
in
a
mass-produced engine, like hollow intake valves, sodium-filled
exhaust
valves, and CNC-ported heads, so it had to look elsewhere to
approach
Boss power levels.
The 1963 Indy pushrod engine produced 375 BHP at 7200 RPM from
255
cubic inches
Ford powered Lotus cars were prepared for Indy in 1963, to be
driven by
Dan Gurney and Jimmy Clark. The high performance 260 used in
the
Cobra
was the starting point, dubbed the Stage 0 engine. Stage 1
involved
revised and enlarged intake and exhaust ports, and 12.5:1
compression
through the used of forged pop-up pistons. The special intake
manifold
carried four 46mm downdraft Webers carburetors. Larger valves,
hollow-stemmed intakes and sodium-filled exhausts were fitted
to
the
heads, along with high silicon content aluminum alloy
retainers.
[53][2][7]https://books.google.com/books?id=MaTmIcR2atAC&pg=PA74&lpg=PA
74&dq=
ford+engines+sodium+filled+exhaust+valves&source=bl&ots=RRBKRsUD5Z&s
ig=
gPx7pk_Kb-FH5ufMokP2IXgNQBw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6vjlVKj4JYqryQTJ14EI&ved=0
CDs
Q6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=ford%20engines%20sodium%20filled%20exhaust%20v
alv
es&f=false
__________________________________________________________________
From: B. SEIB <[3][8]oldwheel at shaw.ca>
To: 'j g' <[4][9]notstock at yahoo.com>
Sent: Wednesday, February 18, 2015 6:27 PM
Subject: RE: [DeTomaso] Sodium valves
I wonder if the Buick GN had sodium ex valves then too?
Do you know if any of Ford's turbo or supercharged engines use
sodium
filled valves jg?
Barry
__________________________________________________________________
From: j g [mailto:[5][10]notstock at yahoo.com]
Sent: February-18-15 5:25 PM
To: B. SEIB; 'Ken Green'; 'Charles De Francisco';
'DetomasoList'
Subject: Re: [DeTomaso] Sodium valves
sodium filled exhaust valves were also used on the corvair
turbo
charged engines from 62 on to the end of the 68
all 911 engines up to the 964 have sodium filled exhaust
valves
.
lt-4 zo6 had sodium filled exhaust valves . all turbo and
supercharged
chevrolet engines have had sodium filled exhaust valves from
the
factory. ls7 included
On the exhaust side, sodium-filling is the best way to increase
the
head cooling capacity of a hollow exhaust valve. If stock
diameter
steel valves are required, but a valve weight is not mandated,
going to
a hollow intake and sodium-filled exhaust is certainly a major
advantage. better cooling of the valve and the guide as well as
lighter
than other types except titanium .
Stainless steel (for street performance) has much better
durability
characteristics than titanium, and the street guys wonat
usually
see
the real benefits of titanium. In racing, use titanium when you
want to
lose weighta|and spend a lot of money. sodium filled exhaust
valves
were an off shoot spin off from the aircraft engines way back .
jg
__________________________________________________________________
From: B. SEIB <[6][11]oldwheel at shaw.ca>
To: 'Ken Green' <[7][12]kenn_green at yahoo.com>; 'Charles De
Francisco'
<[8][13]drfortinbras at gmail.com>; 'DetomasoList'
<[9][14]detomaso at poca.com>
Sent: Wednesday, February 18, 2015 4:12 PM
Subject: Re: [DeTomaso] Sodium valves
Yes, that sounds reasonable. I think it was for use in
aircraft
engines
with some form of supercharging that they were originally
developed.
I
just didn't realize they were back in style!
Barry
__________________________________________________________________
From: Ken Green [mailto:[54][10][15]kenn_green at yahoo.com]
Sent: February-18-15 4:07 PM
To: B. SEIB; 'Charles De Francisco'; 'DetomasoList'
Subject: Re: [DeTomaso] Sodium valves
What I read said the stock LS7 has sodium filled exhaust
valves.
I would guess that a turbo charged production engine might
have
them
to
handle the heat?
Ken
__________________________________________________________________
From: B. SEIB <[55][11][16]oldwheel at shaw.ca>
To: 'Charles De Francisco'
<[56][12][17]drfortinbras at gmail.com>;
'Ken Green'
<[57][13][18]kenn_green at yahoo.com>; 'DetomasoList'
<[58][14][19]detomaso at poca.com>
Sent: Wednesday, February 18, 2015 2:00 PM
Subject: Re: [DeTomaso] Sodium valves
Thanks Charles
I wouldn't be surprised if sodium valves were used in
Nascar
hemis
or
Boss 429 engines too. I just don't recall any production
engines
with
them, but I could be wrong.....
Ken Green says the LS7 uses them !
I'm surprised at that. I wonder if that's in the GM engine
as
produced
or an aftermarket thing?
Ken, do you know?
Barry
__________________________________________________________________
From: Charles De Francisco
[mailto:[1][59][15][20]drfortinbras at gmail.com]
Sent: February-18-15 3:41 PM
To: B. SEIB
Subject: Re: [DeTomaso] Sodium valves
Hi Barry your info was almost rite on. Ford did offer the
sodium
valves on the 427 engines for thr Cobras used in their race
program
There was a issue with the nos valves as the sodium
corroded
the
inside
causing them to come apart as they were drilled to make the
stem
hollow..the story I heard was the sodium was to provide
cooling of
the
valve stem in endurance racing...we used some
In drag race engines as they were somewhat lighter..a much
better
set
up would be manley stainless valves..?..Pete Coleman
At manley in Lakewood n.j. [16]732-905-3366 would be able
to
help you
on
this issue.
On Wednesday, February 18, 2015, B. SEIB
<[1][2][60][17][21]oldwheel at shaw.ca>
wrote:
Hi Robert
Sodium valves were a feature in the 375HP version of
Corvette 327
engines
with fuel injection. I don't recall sodium valves being
used in
other US
standard production engines. Maybe some other exotic
engines did.
Later
valve steels and technology made the risks and expense of
sodium
filled
valves obsolete in HP engines. The idea originated in
aircraft
piston
engines back around WWII, I think, and was related to
trying to
cool
exhaust
valves under high stress loads.
The 1971 Cleveland 351-4V engines in Panteras (and
Mustangs,etc.)
had high
compression closed chamber (quench) heads, single point
distributors, small
square bore 600cfm 4300A carbs and 2 bolt mains. The Boss
351 was
the only
351C to get 4 bolt mains, dual point distributor and the
large
spreadbore
Motorcraft 4300D carb in 1971 along with high compression
CC
heads.
Some people have said that some 1971 4V engines found
there
way
into
very
early 72 Panteras, but probably only in early January 72
cars.
The
1972
Cobra-jet engines would have entered production in Sept
of
1971
and
by the
end of 1971, DeTomaso was likely to have used their
engine
stock
on
hand and
have received new Cobra-jet engines from Ford. I
understand
DeTomaso
was
generally receiving engines only about a month or so
after
they
were
produced in the US plant.
1972 Panteras came with Cobra-jet engines that had open
chamber
(lower
compression) 4V heads but with 4 bolt mains, dual point
distributor
and
large spreadbore Motorcraft 4300D carb. This was the
strange
result
of Ford
trying to recover some of the power lost to stricter
emission
standards for
1972. The compression had to come down for unleaded gas
and
Ford
upped the
RPM to try to get some oomph back. They retarded the cam
timing
and
hopped
it up a bit to get the power at higher revs, thus the
dual
point
and
4 bolt
mains.
1973 and 74 went downhill from there, with increasing
emissions
and
lower
compression.
So...the best heads were in 1971, but everything else was
better
in
1972.
Unless you have a 1971 BOSS 351 engine, which never came
in
a
production US
market Pantera. Pity that.
Barry
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1.
[34][38]http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GM_Ecotec_engine&acti
o
n=edit§ion=4
2. [35][39]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Ion
3. [36][40]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_Corporation
4. [37][41]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots-type_supercharger
5. [38][42]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercooler
6.
[39][43]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_Ecotec_engine#cite_note-8
7.
[40][44]http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GM_Ecotec_engine&acti
o
n=edit§ion=10
8. [41][45]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_Solstice
9.
[42][46]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline_direct_injection
10. [43][47]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_Solstice
11. [44][48]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Sky
12. [45][49]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium
13. [46][50]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inconel
14. [47][51]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppet_valve
15.
[48][52]http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GM_Ecotec_engine&acti
o
n=edit§ion=11
16. [49][53]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium
17. [50][54]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inconel
18. [51][55]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppet_valve
19. [52][56]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Insignia
20. [53][57]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt
21. [54][58]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_horsepower
22. [55][59]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower
23.
[56][60]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Regal#Fifth_generation_.2820
0
9.E2.80.93present.29
24. [57][61]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt
25. [58][62]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_horsepower
26. [59][63]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower
27. [60][64]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Regal#.23Regal_GS
28. [61][65]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt
29. [62][66]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_horsepower
30. [63][67]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower
31.
[64][68]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Regal#Fifth_generation_.2820
0
9.E2.80.93present.29
32. [65][69]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt
33. [66][70]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_horsepower
34. [67][71]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower
35. [68][72]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Regal#.23Regal_GS
36. [69][73]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_9-5
37. [70][74]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_9-3
38. [71][75]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEVS
39. [72][76]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Insignia
40. [73][77]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Astra#OPC_2
41. [74][78]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Regal#.23Regal_GS
42. [75][79]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Regal#.23Regal_GS
43.
[76][80]http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GM_Ecotec_engine&acti
o
n=edit§ion=25
44.
[77][81]http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GM_Ecotec_engine&acti
o
n=edit§ion=26
45. [78][82]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocharged
46. [79][83]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_ATS
47. [80][84]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Malibu
48. [81][85]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_XTS
49. [82][86]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin-scroll_turbocharger
50.
[83][87]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_casting_(industrial)
51.
[84][88]http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/2012-ford-mustang-boss-302-
t
est-review
52.
[85][89]http://blog.caranddriver.com/name-that-exhaust-note-episode-103
/
53.
[86][90]https://books.google.com/books?id=MaTmIcR2atAC&pg=PA74&lpg=PA74
&
dq=ford+engines+sodium+filled+exhaust+valves&source=bl&ots=RRBKRsUD5
Z&sig=gPx7pk_Kb-FH5ufMokP2IXgNQBw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6vjlVKj4JYqryQTJ14EI
&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=ford%20engines%20sodium%20filled%20ex
haust%20valves&f=false
54. mailto:[87][91]kenn_green at yahoo.com
55. mailto:[88][92]oldwheel at shaw.ca
56. mailto:[89][93]drfortinbras at gmail.com
57. mailto:[90][94]kenn_green at yahoo.com
58. mailto:[91][95]detomaso at poca.com
59. mailto:[92][96]drfortinbras at gmail.com
60. mailto:[93][97]oldwheel at shaw.ca
61. mailto:[94][98]DeTomaso at poca.com
62. [95][99]http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
63. mailto:[96][100]oldwheel at shaw.ca
64. [97][101]http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
65. mailto:[98][102]DeTomaso at poca.com
66. [99][103]http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
67. mailto:[100][104]drfortinbras at gmail.com
68. mailto:[101][105]oldwheel at shaw.ca
69. mailto:[102][106]DeTomaso at poca.com
70. [103][107]http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
71. mailto:[104][108]oldwheel at shaw.ca
72. [105][109]http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
73. mailto:[106][110]DeTomaso at poca.com
74. [107][111]http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
75. mailto:[108][112]DeTomaso at poca.com
76. [109][113]http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
Hidden links:
77.
[110][114]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2006_Saturn_Ion_Red_Line_en
gi
ne.jpg
78.
[111][115]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2006_Saturn_Ion_Red_Line_en
gi
ne.jpg
79. [112][116]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Car_show_013.jpg
80. [113][117]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Car_show_013.jpg
_______________________________________________
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Sean Korb [116][120]spkorb at spkorb.org [117][121]http://www.spkorb.org
'65,'68 Mustangs,'68 Cougar,'78 R100/7,'60 Metro,'59 A35,'71 Pantera
#1382
"The more you drive, the less intelligent you get" --Miller
"Computers are useless. They can only give you answers." -P. Picasso
References
1. mailto:[122]detomaso at poca.com
2.
[123]https://books.google.com/books?id=MaTmIcR2atAC&pg=PA74&lpg=PA74&dq
=
3. mailto:[124]oldwheel at shaw.ca
4. mailto:[125]notstock at yahoo.com
5. mailto:[126]notstock at yahoo.com
6. mailto:[127]oldwheel at shaw.ca
7. mailto:[128]kenn_green at yahoo.com
8. mailto:[129]drfortinbras at gmail.com
9. mailto:[130]detomaso at poca.com
10. mailto:[131]kenn_green at yahoo.com
11. mailto:[132]oldwheel at shaw.ca
12. mailto:[133]drfortinbras at gmail.com
13. mailto:[134]kenn_green at yahoo.com
14. mailto:[135]detomaso at poca.com
15. mailto:[136]drfortinbras at gmail.com
16. file://localhost/tmp/tmpHoqEtR.html
17. mailto:[137]oldwheel at shaw.ca
18. mailto:[138]DeTomaso at poca.com
19. [139]http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
20. mailto:[140]oldwheel at shaw.ca
21. [141]http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
22. mailto:[142]DeTomaso at poca.com
23. [143]http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
24. mailto:[144]drfortinbras at gmail.com
25. mailto:[145]oldwheel at shaw.ca
26. mailto:[146]DeTomaso at poca.com
27. [147]http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
28. mailto:[148]oldwheel at shaw.ca
29. [149]http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
30. mailto:[150]DeTomaso at poca.com
31. [151]http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
32. mailto:[152]DeTomaso at poca.com
33. [153]http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
34.
[154]http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GM_Ecotec_engine&action=
editAS:ion=4
35. [155]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Ion
36. [156]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_Corporation
37. [157]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots-type_supercharger
38. [158]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercooler
39. [159]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_Ecotec_engine#cite_note-8
40.
[160]http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GM_Ecotec_engine&action=
editAS:ion=10
41. [161]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_Solstice
42. [162]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline_direct_injection
43. [163]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_Solstice
44. [164]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Sky
45. [165]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium
46. [166]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inconel
47. [167]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppet_valve
48.
[168]http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GM_Ecotec_engine&action=
editAS:ion=11
49. [169]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium
50. [170]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inconel
51. [171]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppet_valve
52. [172]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Insignia
53. [173]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt
54. [174]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_horsepower
55. [175]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower
56.
[176]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Regal#Fifth_generation_.282009.
E2.80.93present.29
57. [177]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt
58. [178]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_horsepower
59. [179]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower
60. [180]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Regal#.23Regal_GS
61. [181]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt
62. [182]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_horsepower
63. [183]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower
64.
[184]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Regal#Fifth_generation_.282009.
E2.80.93present.29
65. [185]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt
66. [186]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_horsepower
67. [187]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower
68. [188]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Regal#.23Regal_GS
69. [189]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_9-5
70. [190]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_9-3
71. [191]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEVS
72. [192]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Insignia
73. [193]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Astra#OPC_2
74. [194]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Regal#.23Regal_GS
75. [195]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Regal#.23Regal_GS
76.
[196]http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GM_Ecotec_engine&action=
editAS:ion=25
77.
[197]http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GM_Ecotec_engine&action=
editAS:ion=26
78. [198]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocharged
79. [199]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_ATS
80. [200]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Malibu
81. [201]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_XTS
82. [202]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin-scroll_turbocharger
83.
[203]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_casting_(industrial)
84.
[204]http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/2012-ford-mustang-boss-302-tes
t-review
85.
[205]http://blog.caranddriver.com/name-that-exhaust-note-episode-103/
86.
[206]https://books.google.com/books?id=MaTmIcR2atAC&pg=PA74&lpg=PA74&dq
=ford+engines+sodium+filled+exhaust+valves&source=bl&ots=RRBKRsUD5Z&sig
=gPx7pk_Kb-FH5ufMokP2IXgNQBw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6vjlVKj4JYqryQTJ14EI&ved=0CD
sQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=ford%20engines%20sodium%20filled%20exhaust%20val
ves&f=false
87. mailto:[207]kenn_green at yahoo.com
88. mailto:[208]oldwheel at shaw.ca
89. mailto:[209]drfortinbras at gmail.com
90. mailto:[210]kenn_green at yahoo.com
91. mailto:[211]detomaso at poca.com
92. mailto:[212]drfortinbras at gmail.com
93. mailto:[213]oldwheel at shaw.ca
94. mailto:[214]DeTomaso at poca.com
95. [215]http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
96. mailto:[216]oldwheel at shaw.ca
97. [217]http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
98. mailto:[218]DeTomaso at poca.com
99. [219]http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
100. mailto:[220]drfortinbras at gmail.com
101. mailto:[221]oldwheel at shaw.ca
102. mailto:[222]DeTomaso at poca.com
103. [223]http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
104. mailto:[224]oldwheel at shaw.ca
105. [225]http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
106. mailto:[226]DeTomaso at poca.com
107. [227]http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
108. mailto:[228]DeTomaso at poca.com
109. [229]http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
110.
[230]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2006_Saturn_Ion_Red_Line_engine.
jpg
111.
[231]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2006_Saturn_Ion_Red_Line_engine.
jpg
112. [232]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Car_show_013.jpg
113. [233]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Car_show_013.jpg
114. mailto:[234]DeTomaso at poca.com
115. [235]http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
116. mailto:[236]spkorb at spkorb.org
117. [237]http://www.spkorb.org/
_______________________________________________
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References
1. mailto:spkorb at gmail.com
2. mailto:notstock at yahoo.com
3. mailto:oldwheel at shaw.ca
4. mailto:detomaso at poca.com
5. mailto:kenn_green at yahoo.com
6. mailto:detomaso at poca.com
7. https://books.google.com/books?id=MaTmIcR2atAC&pg=PA74&lpg=PA
8. mailto:oldwheel at shaw.ca
9. mailto:notstock at yahoo.com
10. mailto:notstock at yahoo.com
11. mailto:oldwheel at shaw.ca
12. mailto:kenn_green at yahoo.com
13. mailto:drfortinbras at gmail.com
14. mailto:detomaso at poca.com
15. mailto:kenn_green at yahoo.com
16. mailto:oldwheel at shaw.ca
17. mailto:drfortinbras at gmail.com
18. mailto:kenn_green at yahoo.com
19. mailto:detomaso at poca.com
20. mailto:drfortinbras at gmail.com
21. mailto:oldwheel at shaw.ca
22. mailto:DeTomaso at poca.com
23. http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
24. mailto:oldwheel at shaw.ca
25. http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
26. mailto:DeTomaso at poca.com
27. http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
28. mailto:drfortinbras at gmail.com
29. mailto:oldwheel at shaw.ca
30. mailto:DeTomaso at poca.com
31. http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
32. mailto:oldwheel at shaw.ca
33. http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
34. mailto:DeTomaso at poca.com
35. http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
36. mailto:DeTomaso at poca.com
37. http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
38. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GM_Ecotec_engine&actio
39. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Ion
40. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_Corporation
41. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots-type_supercharger
42. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercooler
43. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_Ecotec_engine#cite_note-8
44. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GM_Ecotec_engine&actio
45. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_Solstice
46. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline_direct_injection
47. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_Solstice
48. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Sky
49. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium
50. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inconel
51. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppet_valve
52. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GM_Ecotec_engine&actio
53. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium
54. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inconel
55. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppet_valve
56. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Insignia
57. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt
58. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_horsepower
59. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower
60. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Regal#Fifth_generation_.28200
61. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt
62. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_horsepower
63. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower
64. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Regal#.23Regal_GS
65. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt
66. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_horsepower
67. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower
68. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Regal#Fifth_generation_.28200
69. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt
70. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_horsepower
71. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower
72. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Regal#.23Regal_GS
73. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_9-5
74. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_9-3
75. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEVS
76. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Insignia
77. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Astra#OPC_2
78. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Regal#.23Regal_GS
79. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Regal#.23Regal_GS
80. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GM_Ecotec_engine&actio
81. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GM_Ecotec_engine&actio
82. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocharged
83. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_ATS
84. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Malibu
85. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_XTS
86. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin-scroll_turbocharger
87. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_casting_
88. http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/2012-ford-mustang-boss-302-t
89. http://blog.caranddriver.com/name-that-exhaust-note-episode-103/
90. https://books.google.com/books?id=MaTmIcR2atAC&pg=PA74&lpg=PA74&
91. mailto:kenn_green at yahoo.com
92. mailto:oldwheel at shaw.ca
93. mailto:drfortinbras at gmail.com
94. mailto:kenn_green at yahoo.com
95. mailto:detomaso at poca.com
96. mailto:drfortinbras at gmail.com
97. mailto:oldwheel at shaw.ca
98. mailto:DeTomaso at poca.com
99. http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
100. mailto:oldwheel at shaw.ca
101. http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
102. mailto:DeTomaso at poca.com
103. http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
104. mailto:drfortinbras at gmail.com
105. mailto:oldwheel at shaw.ca
106. mailto:DeTomaso at poca.com
107. http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
108. mailto:oldwheel at shaw.ca
109. http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
110. mailto:DeTomaso at poca.com
111. http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
112. mailto:DeTomaso at poca.com
113. http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
114. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2006_Saturn_Ion_Red_Line_engi
115. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2006_Saturn_Ion_Red_Line_engi
116. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Car_show_013.jpg
117. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Car_show_013.jpg
118. mailto:DeTomaso at poca.com
119. http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
120. mailto:spkorb at spkorb.org
121. http://www.spkorb.org/
122. mailto:detomaso at poca.com
123. https://books.google.com/books?id=MaTmIcR2atAC&pg=PA74&lpg=PA74&dq=
124. mailto:oldwheel at shaw.ca
125. mailto:notstock at yahoo.com
126. mailto:notstock at yahoo.com
127. mailto:oldwheel at shaw.ca
128. mailto:kenn_green at yahoo.com
129. mailto:drfortinbras at gmail.com
130. mailto:detomaso at poca.com
131. mailto:kenn_green at yahoo.com
132. mailto:oldwheel at shaw.ca
133. mailto:drfortinbras at gmail.com
134. mailto:kenn_green at yahoo.com
135. mailto:detomaso at poca.com
136. mailto:drfortinbras at gmail.com
137. mailto:oldwheel at shaw.ca
138. mailto:DeTomaso at poca.com
139. http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
140. mailto:oldwheel at shaw.ca
141. http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
142. mailto:DeTomaso at poca.com
143. http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
144. mailto:drfortinbras at gmail.com
145. mailto:oldwheel at shaw.ca
146. mailto:DeTomaso at poca.com
147. http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
148. mailto:oldwheel at shaw.ca
149. http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
150. mailto:DeTomaso at poca.com
151. http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
152. mailto:DeTomaso at poca.com
153. http://poca.com/mailman/listinfo/detomaso_poca.com
154. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GM_Ecotec_engine&action=edit§ion=4
155. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Ion
156. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_Corporation
157. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots-type_supercharger
158. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercooler
159. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_Ecotec_engine#cite_note-8
160. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GM_Ecotec_engine&action=edit§ion=10
161. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_Solstice
162. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline_direct_injection
163. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_Solstice
164. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Sky
165. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium
166. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inconel
167. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppet_valve
168. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GM_Ecotec_engine&action=edit§ion=11
169. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium
170. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inconel
171. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppet_valve
172. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Insignia
173. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt
174. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_horsepower
175. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower
176. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Regal#Fifth_generation_.282009.E2.80.93present.29
177. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt
178. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_horsepower
179. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower
180. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Regal#.23Regal_GS
181. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt
182. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_horsepower
183. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower
184. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Regal#Fifth_generation_.282009.E2.80.93present.29
185. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt
186. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_horsepower
187. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower
188. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Regal#.23Regal_GS
189. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_9-5
190. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_9-3
191. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEVS
192. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Insignia
193. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Astra#OPC_2
194. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Regal#.23Regal_GS
195. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Regal#.23Regal_GS
196. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GM_Ecotec_engine&action=edit§ion=25
197. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GM_Ecotec_engine&action=edit§ion=26
198. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocharged
199. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_ATS
200. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Malibu
201. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_XTS
202. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin-scroll_turbocharger
203. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_casting_
204. http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/2012-ford-mustang-boss-302-test-review
205. http://blog.caranddriver.com/name-that-exhaust-note-episode-103/
206. https://books.google.com/books?id=MaTmIcR2atAC&pg=PA74&lpg=PA74&dq=ford+engines+sodium+filled+exhaust+valves&source=bl&ots=RRBKRsUD5Z&sig=gPx7pk_Kb-FH5ufMokP2IXgNQBw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6vjlVKj4JYqryQTJ14EI&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=ford%20engines%20sodium%20filled%20exhaust%20valves&f=false
207. mailto:kenn_green at yahoo.com
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230. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2006_Saturn_Ion_Red_Line_engine.jpg
231. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2006_Saturn_Ion_Red_Line_engine.jpg
232. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Car_show_013.jpg
233. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Car_show_013.jpg
234. mailto:DeTomaso at poca.com
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