[DeTomaso] NPC: Tell me who hasn't wondered why gas prices end in nine-tenths of a cent - Read on
Mike & Elizabeth
mbefthomas2 at gmail.com
Thu Jun 20 10:31:38 EDT 2024
From: History Facts <hello at historyfacts.com>
Sent: Thursday, June 20, 2024 4:01 AM
To: mbefthomas2 at gmail.com
Subject: Why gas prices end in nine-tenths of a cent 🤔
Whenever you fill up your tank, you may notice that the price per gallon of gasoline always ends in nine-tenths of a cent — for example, $3.699 per gallon, sometimes displayed as $3.69 and 9/10.
<https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=1krv9cfc68zcosldcsu5ctnrxabhwj9ojxsflaervxd93aqsca4jjtt8dmgkyvmc8af6xpu2zbq5ukhzqprzgz5yzu8d7erebapm7w41ys31e8lgf3v6jri3lfxov0sophl6wfs76l0dsn5tors4110ft&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com>
Gas prices include nine-tenths of a cent due to a 90-year-old law.
U.S. History
W henever you fill up your tank, you may notice that the price per gallon of gasoline always ends in nine-tenths of a cent — for example, $3.699 per gallon, sometimes displayed as $3.69 and 9/10. You’ve also likely noticed that it’s pretty much the only everyday commodity that’s priced that way. Even a whole penny hardly makes a difference now, so why bother charging a fraction of a cent? As it turns out, the strange pricing is a holdover from a 1932 law.
During the Great Depression, a penny was worth a lot more than it is now. The average gallon of gas cost about 20 cents in 1930, and in some parts of the country was as low as 10 cents. When the Revenue Act of 1932 was passed, it allowed for the first federal gas tax. The tax rate of 1 cent per gallon <https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=7tzryffk6rzg9yr7u6u0srejiogds2fq0dx80pvl0pwcdn3jej5n7lfdjh7rcc78i6g5rlpril8y7fmq8affgdo4bauzes374soa8rfp1qlz6llssfkplbxrm4u0wizisow4ilxzkfenv9kl54lz2xi75c5w971olx9gdshj3z0ik9gpf0prulim4laitndc94wss82tvy58rundyfzmc1eq8gdqii4tozpwa22ri73jywsjecmqsjwn5kgvro2zqwp5tvbjbvebvkdh0nzmijeokvv0sgw0jujse3vklejzfn3sb6x9gr41duqm66u61kp0cbjldjzlredjss1me8lfey9hcey6anpk4l5xuiyquunkpjb5zfdtt&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com> was pretty significant at the time; in some areas, that increased fuel prices by 10%. It made a difference, too: Ultimately, gas accounted for nearly 8% <https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=m1ewk22alrirc55rcn2pye851i5mfe3kzg3v8erc3ibenbqyxvxzdtkr9acrfxf8547clotmqjw3p96kp1zz78cdpf5j9f7ual8lduxc2brb0817yovmxtcswdluzxlo2efggytfpjppfk7za7zy9cze0ro5cxo70sanmilhba2v5kc358kci1eezh5frmemk7zctkrvlreoenhuxyl7p53iif166rr8jg1kvchtxyi3x5s2wi75l8g9qanwfnqco5xiumozd6sfxibk444atsmmse1bemuegbc9sy3vtd&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com> of tax revenue in 1933. Gas station owners, who paid the tax when purchasing fuel from suppliers, were faced with three options: They could eat the tax and take the hit to their profit margin, raise prices by an entire cent (which, again, was a lot at the time), or increase prices by less than a penny and pay the difference. The third option was less of a shock to motorists, but still made up a portion of the tax burden, so it seemed like a good compromise to most retailers.
As the interstate highway system grew in the 1950s (and gas prices stayed roughly between 20 cents and 30 cents per gallon), pricing gas to a fraction of a cent also proved to be effective marketing, making rates appear lower to motorists who saw them displayed on signs along busy highways. It’s the same concept as charging $1.99 instead of $2 — consumers tend to focus on the leftmost digit of a price, making for an effective illusion even to savvy shoppers. But that last fraction of a penny adds up to millions of dollars in revenue each month for gas retailers as a whole; in 2006, one gas station operator cut out the nine-tenths of a cent as an experiment and figured he lost about $23 a day. Roughly 90 years after the 1932 law was passed, pricing gas to nine-tenths of a cent is still nearly universal, but there’s nothing mandating that gas stations price their gallons this way. In fact, a 1985 law in Iowa banned the practice, though the law was repealed just a few years later.
<https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=18lybkffdls6eh7xhsi6qqycwxwpibhkb6um5u8k43s65vprkeq3chjglpe33gg7zc20q25pj2dsknlag9sf9youj35dh6vnv8o14r2yxpw82ul6abw9ht02jny2fsbm2sb2asl98vf6lbthia9m1p8hb1raga923mv450r3xxu5cipwzyjqi890duy5dsuh913ltq&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com>
Together with
<https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=18lybkffdls6eh7xhsi6qqycwxwpibhkb6zfiyq0mpzf978q48rwoqg0u00o162rs2a84u9g5q63t3m0efusuljauy49necphiwy1k8voz1sytirjo9ixuhvf3genzg33u4u1nw0ez2xmw3luvw4wlobmrad03xq08u0866atsurw6bgk264igll7hplre5wvbet9t&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com> Billionaires Wanted It, but 62,630 Everyday Investors Got It First
<https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=18lybkffdls6eh7xhsi6qqycwxwpibhkb6fpzcv2szhsoh3o9at0jjc60y8wktmz8rmrgkqmpbwblgwodpw3epug452ceqjs8wf6ltqs3iub6sfb5klvnwd0ai3tfgki4vvjq64eocnlxqc34qgl4xsuhfjf5ujbj6sinnk9pnubpt258tqgjtcja85f43e9gqsl1b&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com> When incredibly valuable assets come up for sale, it's typically the wealthiest people who end up taking home an amazing investment. But not always: One platform is taking on the billionaires at their own game, buying up and securitizing some of the most prized blue-chip artworks for its investors. In just the last few years, its investors have realized annualized net returns of 13.9%, 14.6%, 17.8%, and more from these opportunities. The platform is called Masterworks, and its nearly $1 billion collection includes works by such greats as Banksy, Picasso, and Basquiat. When Masterworks sells a painting — such as the 22 it's already sold — investors reap their portion of the net proceeds. Now, you can skip the waitlist with this exclusive link.
<https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=18lybkffdls6eh7xhsi6qqycwxwpibhkb6kjqga4yk33sukmr4utvsynv8sfheuh0dizxqucy0louxgabjxd1d3lba18914ux91dj0woh5ljcrckqxb61yytwao7o23b5wlod0bvifxpi9o6cm5fa7wot86hmkm1g4reqtbg96ul6dqruizwk4ti4wjyerql535sfk&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com> Find out More
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By the Numbers
Typical fuel efficiency (in miles per gallon) of light duty vehicles in 1950
15
Typical fuel efficiency (in miles per gallon) of light duty vehicles in 2010
23.5
Typical fuel efficiency (in miles per gallon) of light duty vehicles in 2010
23.5
Year Oregon enacted the first state gas tax
1919
Average cost per gallon of gas in the U.S. in 2024
$3.45
Average cost per gallon of gas in the U.S. in 2024
$3.45
Did you know?
Gasoline started as a discarded byproduct of distilling oil.
When businessman Edwin Drake drilled the United States’ first productive oil well in Titusville, Pennsylvania, in 1859, internal combustion engines were still more than a quarter-century away <https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=2571aycg430wegri1dp5qhfuz5h5rep1l6zifed9u1rg0dpltxc15sfrhd2h9et1a5ykb07rmswgam2fx9kwft6gfria8db4o1ppgj2ngs5u0jpu3m2md984ioiab7s61ltx56o0533s11kknk6tzosbsot4hw6ncih9ibdhufskm3mqf4wgibnktzxo0mgu4ozrdgmav2cmhvpwdu3m057kc0lccmvmlz6l5f4l78w269j28jm9276zh5zq15eus6p8w9qqhl5tjvd2ktq4tel7d0l6jccvol5kxlq8iero750xc32s748qxe31y&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com> from hitting the road. Drake was after kerosene to power lamps, not motor fuel. The distillation process still produced gasoline as a byproduct, but having no use for it, he threw it out. Car inventors didn’t realize it could be a valuable motor fuel until the 1890s — and gas didn’t start outselling kerosene until 1911.
Recommended Reading
Arts & Culture
Surprising Dating Etiquette From the 1950s
➝
Famous Figures
The Strange Story of Victoria Woodhull, the First Woman to Run for President
➝
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-------------- next part --------------
From: History Facts <hello at historyfacts.com>
Sent: Thursday, June 20, 2024 4:01 AM
To: mbefthomas2 at gmail.com
Subject: Why gas prices end in nine-tenths of a cent 🤔
Image removed by sender.
Whenever you fill up your tank, you may notice that the price per
gallon of gasoline always ends in nine-tenths of a cent -- for example,
$3.699 per gallon, sometimes displayed as $3.69 and 9/10.
[1]Image removed by sender.
[2]Gas prices include nine-tenths of a cent due to a 90-year-old law.
[3]U.S. History
[4]Image removed by sender.
W henever you fill up your tank, you may notice that the price per
gallon of gasoline always ends in nine-tenths of a cent -- for example,
$3.699 per gallon, sometimes displayed as $3.69 and 9/10. You've also
likely noticed that it's pretty much the only everyday commodity that's
priced that way. Even a whole penny hardly makes a difference now, so
why bother charging a fraction of a cent? As it turns out, the strange
pricing is a holdover from a 1932 law.
During the Great Depression, a penny was worth a lot more than it is
now. The average gallon of gas cost about 20 cents in 1930, and in some
parts of the country was as low as 10 cents. When the Revenue Act of
1932 was passed, it allowed for the first federal gas tax. The tax rate
of [5]1 cent per gallon was pretty significant at the time; in some
areas, that increased fuel prices by 10%. It made a difference, too:
Ultimately, gas accounted for [6]nearly 8% of tax revenue in 1933. Gas
station owners, who paid the tax when purchasing fuel from suppliers,
were faced with three options: They could eat the tax and take the hit
to their profit margin, raise prices by an entire cent (which, again,
was a lot at the time), or increase prices by less than a penny and pay
the difference. The third option was less of a shock to motorists, but
still made up a portion of the tax burden, so it seemed like a good
compromise to most retailers.
As the interstate highway system grew in the 1950s (and gas prices
stayed roughly between 20 cents and 30 cents per gallon), pricing gas
to a fraction of a cent also proved to be effective marketing, making
rates appear lower to motorists who saw them displayed on signs along
busy highways. It's the same concept as charging $1.99 instead of $2 --
consumers tend to focus on the leftmost digit of a price, making for an
effective illusion even to savvy shoppers. But that last fraction of a
penny adds up to millions of dollars in revenue each month for gas
retailers as a whole; in 2006, one gas station operator cut out the
nine-tenths of a cent as an experiment and figured he lost about $23 a
day. Roughly 90 years after the 1932 law was passed, pricing gas to
nine-tenths of a cent is still nearly universal, but there's nothing
mandating that gas stations price their gallons this way. In fact, a
1985 law in Iowa banned the practice, though the law was repealed just
a few years later.
[7]Image removed by sender.
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[9]Image removed by sender.
Together with
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[10]Billionaires Wanted It, but 62,630 Everyday Investors Got It First
[11]When incredibly valuable assets come up for sale, it's typically
the wealthiest people who end up taking home an amazing investment. But
not always: One platform is taking on the billionaires at their own
game, buying up and securitizing some of the most prized blue-chip
artworks for its investors. In just the last few years, its investors
have realized annualized net returns of 13.9%, 14.6%, 17.8%, and more
from these opportunities. The platform is called Masterworks, and its
nearly $1 billion collection includes works by such greats as Banksy,
Picasso, and Basquiat. When Masterworks sells a painting -- such as the
22 it's already sold -- investors reap their portion of the net
proceeds. Now, you can skip the waitlist with this exclusive link.
[12]Find out More
Thank you for supporting our sponsors! They help us keep History Facts
free.
Image removed by sender.
By the Numbers
Typical fuel efficiency (in miles per gallon) of light duty vehicles in
1950
15
Typical fuel efficiency (in miles per gallon) of light duty vehicles in
2010
23.5
Typical fuel efficiency (in miles per gallon) of light duty vehicles in
2010
23.5
Year Oregon enacted the first state gas tax
1919
Average cost per gallon of gas in the U.S. in 2024
$3.45
Average cost per gallon of gas in the U.S. in 2024
$3.45
Image removed by sender.
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Did you know?
Gasoline started as a discarded byproduct of distilling oil.
When businessman Edwin Drake drilled the United States' first
productive oil well in Titusville, Pennsylvania, in 1859, internal
combustion engines were still [13]more than a quarter-century away from
hitting the road. Drake was after kerosene to power lamps, not motor
fuel. The distillation process still produced gasoline as a byproduct,
but having no use for it, he threw it out. Car inventors didn't realize
it could be a valuable motor fuel until the 1890s -- and gas didn't
start outselling kerosene until 1911.
Image removed by sender.
Recommended Reading
[14]Image removed by sender.
[15]Arts & Culture
[16]Surprising Dating Etiquette From the 1950s
[17]->
[18]Image removed by sender.
[19]Famous Figures
[20]The Strange Story of Victoria Woodhull, the First Woman to Run for
President
[21]->
[22]+ Load more
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[24]Image removed by sender.
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[34]Terms of Use
[35]Do Not Sell My Info
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References
1. https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=1krv9cfc68zcosldcsu5ctnrxabhwj9ojxsflaervxd93aqsca4jjtt8dmgkyvmc8af6xpu2zbq5ukhzqprzgz5yzu8d7erebapm7w41ys31e8lgf3v6jri3lfxov0sophl6wfs76l0dsn5tors4110ft&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com
2. https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=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&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com
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4. https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=1f2ny9545ks634k1w5um3pcfe9bcg2kgujbnfb6ufm6qsyvya3knxnbqy5by322xwk15mlqf1oiukiaaidhcjmdislvial4of4l5daxkxo43q7wecci1xlxze6i4z0e3ebp7gs4uuluw6d049gvi49wl2qcg1mj2kqyksljz62vf0rm22iidchzvipdh5ierdf3zfid4icf7qdmmfw24i4v5mqqp5uqel6i9kypythxntp8ndkjx8oh962jdd3hof9gkdf9pb5u9qlodait47xld4u4pyn22peiuys3rn7yde4mpzhg4ikfimsnnfagi44clml333zbh13qin3adjz5o6c23svmnurzk7bapvo5h624s22u3bzxv42s9hz0ku95hehhwxjoavlz24t1o7pjtyrz1qiam4rp8sqiih19j1vupaa4aov5169ov22ys0dodpkk4t0cbnwolyhsjeq7sjhgsj2d6a38mlckjsq9wdjm&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com
5. https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=7tzryffk6rzg9yr7u6u0srejiogds2fq0dx80pvl0pwcdn3jej5n7lfdjh7rcc78i6g5rlpril8y7fmq8affgdo4bauzes374soa8rfp1qlz6llssfkplbxrm4u0wizisow4ilxzkfenv9kl54lz2xi75c5w971olx9gdshj3z0ik9gpf0prulim4laitndc94wss82tvy58rundyfzmc1eq8gdqii4tozpwa22ri73jywsjecmqsjwn5kgvro2zqwp5tvbjbvebvkdh0nzmijeokvv0sgw0jujse3vklejzfn3sb6x9gr41duqm66u61kp0cbjldjzlredjss1me8lfey9hcey6anpk4l5xuiyquunkpjb5zfdtt&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com
6. https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=m1ewk22alrirc55rcn2pye851i5mfe3kzg3v8erc3ibenbqyxvxzdtkr9acrfxf8547clotmqjw3p96kp1zz78cdpf5j9f7ual8lduxc2brb0817yovmxtcswdluzxlo2efggytfpjppfk7za7zy9cze0ro5cxo70sanmilhba2v5kc358kci1eezh5frmemk7zctkrvlreoenhuxyl7p53iif166rr8jg1kvchtxyi3x5s2wi75l8g9qanwfnqco5xiumozd6sfxibk444atsmmse1bemuegbc9sy3vtd&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com
7. https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=il517fml7sr5b3myxx8u9ctzdn5jipd65ggowu1lit73xxg1it3ggfom0es7nf7d5kw1vallzkkc63ezgc5jufwbjy2rk0kffc3rnlm5lrp8zfgdl6x8iglpvucoo0rm61m3kyvltayzfdje5n33x4u02jlnfvw2cksnvk6uywj2ko2d5i6y259kud9dmlojandtgt4njocws0vcna49tts0m1bkrqi5eelmdevmj86upbrxno9dya5sjpxf6fzgu083rvw791wekdl6jtrlv051qdnl9r5bnmwcw1os3m6brc32wv0e5nal2p3mt5rwlapxmnzw4c8n83sqnnu96j98fo41uipxu519hwpl7oezusb17h2t1kc5l9svwwjbt7lalvgd8xumqtnbxjdr40cimiij6oz87fcyx2rj547cr7xjo4rdfzfcgnzq43xexpalpw3eevejs7doyhbm2j00tcdqs6thympvm7t1&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com
8. https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=il517fml7sr5b3myxx8u9ctzdn5jipd65kidrayvgk6wur6nc0zks17wc2h3vjxnyjx8w2z6pqcasyy8lna1gqyq9ksw9sygg8w3kr5cm9izrhk3gc2sblyt64xpyks6vesk7fh6t93huvbdhwvula5wpnsswy2l5xdsesfyd35v1zp24kc7duoi72cpe8386bbnq0rav99fpf8swaegi3kftpx4gcru9mh1beudvdotjkybegrot6rg4t4aygfyhfsvs2nddl4wm4tu815wreio9qiafak8nnu1q3ugrpz0grfghqu5bxqr8v89ssqvhd6x51ntlm78gwb0olz0xi5j4orl71b21lup7s51jtb5a0sqyquhii6ik1kmober6164zse7bpl4krzceqybgt3s651ohbwoc2h72gin4oufx34m8n8armgtd8lk48xb9p3lf5jbnj39vepsxgz330zww54vttghpho92ljg&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com
9. https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=18lybkffdls6eh7xhsi6qqycwxwpibhkb6um5u8k43s65vprkeq3chjglpe33gg7zc20q25pj2dsknlag9sf9youj35dh6vnv8o14r2yxpw82ul6abw9ht02jny2fsbm2sb2asl98vf6lbthia9m1p8hb1raga923mv450r3xxu5cipwzyjqi890duy5dsuh913ltq&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com
10. https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=18lybkffdls6eh7xhsi6qqycwxwpibhkb6zfiyq0mpzf978q48rwoqg0u00o162rs2a84u9g5q63t3m0efusuljauy49necphiwy1k8voz1sytirjo9ixuhvf3genzg33u4u1nw0ez2xmw3luvw4wlobmrad03xq08u0866atsurw6bgk264igll7hplre5wvbet9t&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com
11. https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=18lybkffdls6eh7xhsi6qqycwxwpibhkb6fpzcv2szhsoh3o9at0jjc60y8wktmz8rmrgkqmpbwblgwodpw3epug452ceqjs8wf6ltqs3iub6sfb5klvnwd0ai3tfgki4vvjq64eocnlxqc34qgl4xsuhfjf5ujbj6sinnk9pnubpt258tqgjtcja85f43e9gqsl1b&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com
12. https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=18lybkffdls6eh7xhsi6qqycwxwpibhkb6kjqga4yk33sukmr4utvsynv8sfheuh0dizxqucy0louxgabjxd1d3lba18914ux91dj0woh5ljcrckqxb61yytwao7o23b5wlod0bvifxpi9o6cm5fa7wot86hmkm1g4reqtbg96ul6dqruizwk4ti4wjyerql535sfk&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com
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15. https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=xcqywxrgxl6e3kwzeluhm6tjk38g3m7ewkw1ay8oo7bk0fhtucj34o9m5iq6qh7cz9joriv30zu2hlyjy54krhgyu07x6fmyzydqbv3l27aaxgsrbg4ngb8r5yakwqjlj52v9ymzjwc3ll3j92eu8zbnm0nndwbupc90fq6a1uu40hw4bdrsa3so0f3j5hge4d15ipkqgox9ugv2nmzie1yjaxclh5fzjleixh2q0x8hdv5tv18d1heersjeyrxstla8pglh7x7l8wfqyp7r83pjn4ry0eljm8q94r2bzof3k7zuouz4xfsn06c3g464gnzlquz8hyr04grbx6o78imldcb7m1bqeq4j39p75fmzde3lg3eiq7f66hp4e4ckj7n8uu3fdxylfshy9pejlia0xfixxm6mku0hdpij52endylu136fw072uluvn3yhclj0kmhguyvfgftx4wfo&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com
16. https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=xcqywxrgxl6e3kwzeluhm6tjk38g3m7ex18vvymttzdexgbz6hcgb8q4rj7p5gvj4kn79hcfvvmylsxb8z6e9p3ga2dlravqmqcnmqorvs30typ7vj5xor82umjxry4ydt5w1ikzdsocmh40atbl1xqeznlrm4eh1i38cfspv0hs78sbqt3ojdtslciss84v61pi7r7uh79qmuuaj42hpq389xezlmdf1h5blzyd4liel003azwexelok56mdjr6c16fq5f1oxs8ad14lxtkydl4mujnx6el10z26rchv2x8mvynb2yoq9qt9d5fhuzjl2i3xw5195h0rxkx11rbrwfyz782jzkwdrbdr6x23up07yx6lgts6evcpibp3q1yw6mt3jf5wfifemp61e6aiep6dxdmr74p9x132jkzlqz9wo3dofzjebepl7abfzmm25ieqdodcre63fe97cxs&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com
17. https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=xcqywxrgxl6e3kwzeluhm6tjk38g3m7ex3j1qyoyz3fz6hveh0wym4ukbk0vifi3yyb23gkw2r372jwsh58y2gp2g5opave5j6b7h9wi0atopq9lq06gg57bgl68mfn9xf8wg7yzxnloxd443izrgv4m0zzueai7c1jsa8c30v8epxpm36d97ruxkaalcwpy03dy2xe1yznb2eildxoa7iveb0wquce1ed8xsz3sc0b46y9j8o77bohp0kgp11wh7qn261o73fb22uit4bi6gpxpz2x4sgf08b7i9yepy9s18iy6uo3qdvpz6jef8xtr7gaelc052317vm2ex3vpu90eqhufnzct8i4dtsb4qyq7o8b20klmlsreqti12tucpfbgfyle3wv8kafbikmm2uktaebj2k029prd59dnjfqo5yuuwqr810byuvsdwhs75su26t5zhtukneml59b2&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com
18. https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=9hef97x9lfmrud4056xgonxs732zlh6h6yew5p31gcxfm65xrjwapmd2on90s3ynvlcbiipupfht4x357ogbx17q5e1n8jy6vc4twlu8fqm8pmah03vq6e5nh1ebq5s2mav1vxaabvge81b0rgwwwhbns6hu9d530du1ems5upz6o96f0xwzg0c9wm2pifmyvoltbvmqlhftntj5f83ictbnfd4mv62a3jiya71h83xqiwul9rquf3xgd3cu4rfg2a1w6eyace41x3it6qfcpn9dc13qyzotasy0nnne3ebejjmfqv32js6us53pac3s4mlstz5819kv9befgu64dgon3l4sozbv7picz8jvt7cjeowwphk10cnjgsbxftwpnemqnbmuug0xy8y5egghpg9kiwjq84eqzryb9aij2lpirnhv7esm5fjws0v84xngfy1tfmnwit74c62oqwjfqbpzkbsn5o7pct949dwq00ggsno9i415agrjpv7g58&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com
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20. https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=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&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com
21. https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=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&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com
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24. https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=1krv9cfc68zcosldcsu5ctnrxabhwj9xxv6thsps3dok13l0lq84jo91i32lghkak1gula2r35vulrwxov5x5nvilprwdpnirkdsfcrrnzp1jlw3cibvwft60fc1um120qv9cuvrm6d0mify543mguvjv&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com
25. https://track.historyfacts.com/?xul=1bvzcz07yccuf5848k4isibg88nt4oulirv639io35sbt2qyeyy8167urdrzv76yodkve2nrdb4o0luhlhde104i32agkt9oa9j6wih339dcniv1x&__stmp=sfdla7&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com&ocx_message_id=&ocx_mailing_id=2204053835
26. https://track.historyfacts.com/?xul=1bvzcz07yccuf5848k4isibg88nt4oulirv639io35sbt2qyeyy8167urdrzv76yodkve2nrdb4o0luhlhde104i32agkt9oa9j6wih339dcniv1x&__stmp=sfdla7&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com&ocx_message_id=&ocx_mailing_id=2204053835
27. https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=5r79inckrqfjuwdcbojmls7q1fbrozc5f3nk7t6ewxkalsgsngrk2o4ev148ge3wgcxsribd9afobow9ztqcie3cotgki9x5qz123gnayei4g707h4fujeiwt6gecpgvbp93o1f8vdkyyhltivghbm35wa4rgo8pba&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com
28. https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=242g9tasgsvarfbyio34jkqjtikt8ij0nhdrwwh0bm868ji2avqix86x9a1c81oj6e60ns6ou5aszt54ev9vwaeorv61jaqjz8784vsgywz6di5frlnoo3cd34prv635tl7l0ke4fkrclvph5vnk31d4vflwnw52noyvsgzafc&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com
29. https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=463ko1dgho9hv0dew6yl6debqrh6ok2a2yrwejb0mme0aaqiqngwlnjz2hva9rh43dsvx18tusignbauxxjx9pqi8wxia0vm55lztdslwev06y65s08gbhr9v2qzr0affn1uhemki4v86l107jquq4m94wr4ok21ztkohv8pzy02nz15&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com
30. https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=2kh5r9m0gvq28mj590jrlmgk44y5dmo3rpxpjip65ulutcyehdrjm28k00mhgoujmhcoat1cnwshrax3k7sd9nnhd6q37qsjbsf4oaz7pzf72njy2ki4hcos6au4tzpanvd71pmupmpb7n08p4bk47h0482h92ur897r5z0599ifb&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com
31. https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=463ko1dgho9hv0dew6yl6debqrh6ok2a2zsxdc9a7xwz0bbeg9opvd2zmhuivikowmpx4sx0as71jdlpawnzbayl8rknd29btz8tmycejjy6xp6om3f31kaot7yks0hw5k77prfwk769drldepyjvbudu7bbksvjhcfqnvmf5bvdkb9n&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com
32. https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=7y6kvyao0uszdc2ncpibu530fyuyzqf56qbnaadrzgbdpfryuxbti05bnwidr83kmrmlsw4rr5e7sigff8qhxwywsmpcnhlshsv4sdpqmhy7xat4axal8v36vn788gio33uw2wse240zryh5b2905yc39zlrk1l5yiwf0&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com
33. https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=463ko1dgho9hv0dew6yl6debqrh6ok2a38vzx01ma8hohsr9ifl56pr9gh34uzmzl26kab7jx1uq0362h5o202cazeuilvfs3sds8rg0jnjnlce8r4ffjfouj6h8uybwp4jzrnj54bmzj3esjyrw8mh89l90btcewetbjwaykc9hxsfv&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com
34. https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=2kh5r9m0gvq28mj590jrlmgk44y5dmo3rfo4v2a8yw385qc0folg2g9glslzl2zijqc8hvces2wfx6dxzm29bex5vco3xjjr3prewbscuvyos54y5ffye7wvkow89rq9d553zh0a075f6i1z6v76yep8adkovfhjqhp9pnn6kzhj9&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com
35. https://track.historyfacts.com/?xtl=463ko1dgho9hv0dew6yl6debqrh6ok2a39wavexkxvzl7tc6odsjcewm2h2of4pirx4084wsd0exy5sjk3c4spkdzzho2xvhrk0m1n3gmt0uqter98q29ixxho3vvyimbe3nilrd6djbtwd8u2zlpi3czyvyn08af1odpwd2sffx8v1l&eih=2rdiygo9caxwizh083bago49efy6ed8eqo&__stmp=sfdla7&__onlt=h&email=mbefthomas2%40gmail.com
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